Global riverine land-to-ocean carbon export constrained by observations and multi-model assessment
Rivers are a key component of the global carbon cycle. They receive vast quantities of terrestrial carbon, of which a large fraction is ultimately exported to the coastal ocean. Our review of…
Assessing multiple ecosystem services in 708 European urban areas
Nature is increasingly recognised for its potential to address societal challenges in cities, through the delivery of ecosystem services (ES). However, large-scale assessments quantifying this…
Global inland-water nitrogen cycling has accelerated in the Anthropocene
Inland waters are an important component of the global nitrogen (N) cycle, functioning not only as land-to-sea transporters but also as active biogeochemical reactors. However, the latter role is not…
This document describes the development strategy for the GLOBIO modelling framework for 2024–2027. It provides general direction for further improving the framework, based on the current state of the…
Environmental impacts of extraction and processing of raw materials for the energy transition
Both the European Critical Raw Materials Act and the Dutch Raw Materials Strategy promote mitigation of negative environmental impacts associated with the production of strategic and critical raw…
Assessing ambitious nature conservation strategies in a below 2-degree and food-secure world
Global biodiversity is projected to further decline under a wide range of future socio-economic development pathways, even in sustainability-oriented scenarios. This raises the question of how…
Assessing the impact of international cooperative initiatives on biodiversity
Biodiversity conservation within the gamut of global environmental governance has gained significant traction over the past three decades. Many initiatives to meet global biodiversity conservation…
Direct intervention in the size of livestock herds is not considered a main option in European agricultural policies nor in policy option studies. Nevertheless, livestock buyout schemes have been…
Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Development Cooperation
In December 2022, governments adopted the Kunming – Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework at the Conference of the Parties (CoP) of the UN Biodiversity Convention (CBD). Development cooperation…
Enhancing Urban Nature Provision in the Netherlands
As cities across the world face complex challenges that require interventions that can address multiple goals simultaneously, there has been a growing interest in using Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). A…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
